The Costs of High-Quality Elementary and Secondary School Music Education Programs

Prepared for the NAMM Foundation in 2021

Research shows music education benefits young children’s cognitive, reading, and math skills, and is linked to better attendance and graduation. Despite this, declining state revenues— worsened by the pandemic— are pressuring districts to cut elective programs like music. A prior 2010 study found music programs used just 1.6% of a district’s operating budget, suggesting they are relatively low-cost compared to their benefits.

This new study expands on that work by examining 10 districts of varying sizes, locations, and demographics. It analyzed budgets, staffing, student data, and supplemental supports such as fundraising, partnerships, and volunteer time. It also considered program depth, including offerings, instructional time, teacher qualifications, and facilities.

Findings show districts spent an average of $251 per student overall on music, or $368 per enrolled music student, representing about 1.9% of operating budgets. Instrumental programs were the most expensive at $555 per student, followed by choir ($429) and general music ($131). Overall, the study highlights that quality music education requires modest investment but delivers significant educational benefits.